E_PRIMBON

^{PERFECT TENSES}

the perfect tense is the past tense used to describe completed (thus "perfect") actions in the past.

The perfect can be contrasted to the imperfect tense, which describes incomplete (thus "imperfect") actions in the past. The imperfect is sometimes called past continuous.

In most languages the perfect is constructed by the use of an auxiliary verb (either to be or to have) in the present and the past participle^{[dubious – discuss]}. The tense thus describes an action which is presently in the past, in contrast to the pluperfect (for an action which in the past was already in the past) and the future perfect (an action which will be in the past).

Other names are sometimes given to the perfect tense. In English the perfect tense is often misleadingly referred to as the present perfect, an allusion to the auxiliary verb component in the present tense. The term "composed past" is also used in languages where this past tense is composed of an auxiliary and a participle.

In some languages, the perfect tense is effectively the same as the preterite tense, or the aorist tense, but these two terms are not actually synonymous with the perfect tensn

^APPOINTMENT

Appointment may refer to a number of things, including the following:

• An appointment is a time reserved for something such as a doctor visit, much like a reservation.
• An appointment, in government refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform a duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court. This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy. A person appointed but not yet in office is a designee.
• The power of appointment, in law, is the ability of a testator to select another person to dispose of the testator's property.
• An appointment of clergy, in Christianity, is made by a bishop to a particular ministry setting, particularly in denominations which practice episcopal forms of church government and polity (such as Anglicanism and United Methodist Church.) Typically, a pastor is appointed to a particular church or parish.
• Appointment is used to describe a system of selecting candidates in which the choice is made by an individual or panel rather than by a poll of the populace in general (election), or through random selection (allotment/sortition) as used to select juries.

PROCEDURE TEXT

A silence procedure (French: procédure d'approbation tacite; Latin: qui tacet consentit, "who keeps silent consents", "silence implies/means consent") is a way of formally adopting texts, often, but not exclusively in international political context. A draft version of the text is circulated among participants who have a last opportunity to propose changes or amendments to the text. If no amendments are proposed (if no one 'breaks the silence') before the deadline of the procedure, the text is considered adopted by all participants. Often this procedure is the last step in adopting the text, after the basic premises of the text have been agreed upon in previous negotiations. 'Breaking the silence' is only a last resort in case a participant still has fundamental problems with parts of the text and is therefore the exception rather than the rule.

In the context of international organisations, the subject of the procedure is often a joint statement or a procedural document, a formal vote on which with the members meeting in person is deemed unnecessary. Indeed, it is often impractical to try and stage a meeting between representatives of all member states either due to the limited importance of the text to be agreed upon or due to time constraints in the case of a joint declaration prompted by recent events.

Organisations making extensive use of the procedure are, among others, the European Union, NATO and the OSCE.

SIMPATHY EXPRESSIONS

According to Smith humans have a natural tendency to care about the well-being of others for no other reason than the pleasure one gets from seeing them happy. He calls this sympathy, defining it "our fellow-feeling with any passion whatsoever" (p. 5). He argues that this occurs under either of two conditions:

• We see firsthand the fortune or misfortune of another person
• The fortune or misfortune is vividly depicted to us

Although this is apparently true, he follows to argue that this tendency lies even in "the greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of the laws of society" (p.2).

Smith also proposes several variables that can moderate the extent of sympathy, noting that the situation that is the cause of the passion is the large determinant of our response:

• The vividness of the account of the condition of another person

An important point put forth by Smith is that the degree to which we sympathize, or "tremble and shudder at the thought of what he feels", is proportional to the degree of vividness in our observation or the description of the event.

GIVING INTRUCTIONS

Standard Competency

— To comprehend and express the meaning nuance within the transactional and interpersonal conversations which are related to the instruction expressions in the context of daily life.

Basic Competency :

— To respond and express the meaning nuance within the formal / informal transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal (get sociable) by using the simple kind of spoken and written languages accurately and fluently in the daily life context involving the acts of expressing happiness, gaining attention, expressing sympathy and giving instructions

Indicators :

— After having finished the lesson, the students are expected to be able to:

— Identify the meaning nuance of giving instruction

— Give instruction orally

— Respond or carry out transactional and interpersonal conversations involving the acts of giving instruction

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

— The example expressions of giving instruction :

¡ Open your book!

¡ Close the door, please!

¡ Be quiet, please!

¡ Move the chair!

¡ Open the window!

¡ Pass me the sugar, please!

PAST TENSES

Standard Competency :

ž To comprehend and express the meanings of short functional and simple monolog essay texts in the form of past tense in the daily life context to access knowledge

Basic Competency :

ž To respond and express the meaning nuance and the rhetorical steps within the short functional and simple monolog essay texts in the form of past tense (simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense)accurately and fluently in the daily life context to access knowledge

Indicators :

After having finished the lesson, the student are expected to be able to:

ž understand the pattern of past tense

ž identify past tense in a certain text

ž use past tense in making sentences and telling an event or action.

ž Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?