E_PRIMBON

GREETINGS

"Focal vocabulary" is a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is particularly important to a certain group; those with particular focuses of experience or activity. A lexicon, or vocabulary, is a language's dictionary, its set of names for things, events, and ideas. Some linguists believe that lexicon influences people's perception on things, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. For example, the Nuer of Sudan have an elaborate vocabulary to describe cattle. The Nuer have dozens of names for cattle because of the cattle's particular histories, economies, and environments. This kind of comparison has elicited some linguistic controversy, as with the number of "Eskimo words for snow". English speakers can also elaborate their snow and cattle vocabularies when the need arises.[4][5]

Initially, in the infancy phase, vocabulary growth requires no effort. Infants hear words and mimic them, eventually associating them with objects and actions. This is the listening vocabulary. The speaking vocabulary follows, as a child's thoughts become more reliant on its ability to express itself without gestures and mere sounds. Once the reading and writing vocabularies are attained – through questions and education – the anomalies and irregularities of language can be discovered.

NARRATIVE

Purpose The main purpose of narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold a readers' interest. However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions e.g. soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. Narratives sequence people/characters in time and place but differ from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved. The common structure or basic plan of narrative text is known as the "story grammar." Although there are numerous variations of the story grammar, the typical elements are: • Setting--when and where the story occurs. • Characters--the most important people or characters in the story. • Initiating event--an action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal. • Conflict/goal--the focal point around which the whole story is organized. • Events--one or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem. • Resolution--the outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem. • Theme--the main idea or moral of the story. The graphic representation of these story grammar elements is called a story map. The exact form and complexity of a map depends, of course, upon the unique structure of each narrative and the personal preference of the teacher constructing the map.

Types of Narrative There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience and of course, fantasy stories. Features • Characters with defined personalities/identities. • Dialogue often included - tense may change to the present or the future. • Descriptive language to create images in the reader's mind and enhance the story.

ANNOUNCEMENT

an Announcement (ANN) is a Usenet, Mailing list, or E-mail message sent to notify subscribers that a software project has made a new software release version. Newsgroup announcement recipients often have a name like "comp.somegroup.announce". Mailing list announcement recipients often have a name like "toolname-announce". Most software projects that make announcements are open source.

In an announcement the subject line commonly contains the abbreviated prefix ANN:.

The contents of an announcement usually contain a title line which contains the tool name, version, release name, and date. Additional contents often fall into the following message sections:

• About - a short paragraph summary of the tool's purpose
• Changes - a list of the highest impact changes since the last release (should be brief since the changelog comprises the definitive list)
• Resources - links to project pages of interest, such as homepage, where to download, bug tracking system, etc.

Some additional, optional fields might include Highlights, Author(s), License, Requirements, and Release History

Announcement messages are usually sent in plain text form.

ADVERTISEMENT

Advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services or support political candidates or ideas. Frequently it communicates a message that includes the name of the product or service and how that product or service could potentially benefit the consumer. Advertising often attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume a particular brand of product or service. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[1]

Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards or direct mail. Advertising may be placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization.

HAPPINESS EXPRESSIONS

A smile is a facial expression formed by flexing those muscles most notably near both ends of the mouth. The smile can also be found around the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Among humans, it is customarily an expression denoting pleasure, happiness, or amusement, but can also be an involuntary expression of anxiety, in which case it is known as a grimace. Cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is used as a means of communicating emotions throughout the world.^[1] Happiness is most often the motivating cause of a smile. Among animals, the exposure of teeth, which may bear a resemblance to a smile, is often used as a threat or warning display—known as a snarl—or a sign of submission. In chimpanzees, it can also be a sign of fear. The study of smiles is a part of gelotology, psychology, and linguistics, comprising various theories of affect, humor, and laughter.^[2]

^{PRESENT TENSE}

The present tense is the tense (that is, the form of the verb) that may be used to express:

• action at the present
• a state of being;
• an occurrence in the (very) near future; or
• an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.

English, like other Germanic languages, has two tenses, past and non-past. These tenses have several aspects. The present tense aspects comprise:

• present simple, which is used to describe both habits and or routines (I eat breakfast every morning at 6:30. I go to work every day), and general facts or the truth (The earth revolves around the sun);

The present simple tense is very often used with adverbs of repeated time. Look at these examples (the adverbs are shown in bold):

• - I always come to school by cycle.
• - She frequently arrives here before me.
• - He never forgets to do his homework.

The conjugation of the present indicative tense in regular verbs is as follows:

&Nb;	to walk
I	walk
you	walk
he/she/it	walks
we	walk

E_PRIMBON

INVITATION

Invitation is semothing to invite people or organization to come an event.

Here are some of the western ways of like.

1. Suppose you are invited to an event. Its very important to call or drop a note letting the host

Know that you will attend.

2. Don’t be afraid of hurting someone’s by respon diry “ no “ to an invitation.

3. Suppose you get an invitation For a dinner Party. Don’t come tate, Arrive Withing to is minutes

after the time on the Invitation.

4. When a person invites pays for it this rule applies for both man and woman.

Example Of Invitation ;

ð Please come inside

ð Thank you/thanks

ð Would you came to my sister’s party tomorrow?

ð Sure, I will

ð I would not say no

ð I’m afraid, I cant

ð I like that

ð That sounds like fun

ð A : Do you want to come in my party, Do?

B : I would not say no?

ð A : It start at 07.00 a.m. Ok !!!

B : Ok…? ^-^

APPOINTMENT

Appointment adalah membuat janji, tetapi Perjanjian Itu bias ditolak, diterima, atau diubah.

1.) Making appointment

=> could we went meet today?

=> I cant cOme and see you?

=> Do you want to join me to go to market?

2.) Accepting an appointment ( example )

=> No problem, I’m Free on ( tomorrow )

=> Be three on time

=> Alright. . . I’m in free time now

3.) Canceling an appointment ( example )

=> I’m sorry, I’m very bussy

=>I’m afraid I have to past my appointment with. . . tomorrow merning.

4.) Changing an appointment ( example )

=> What about. . . ( Monday at 06.00 a.m )

=> Do you have another time this afternoon !!!

LISTENING

Hearing (or audition) is one of the traditional five senses. It is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations via an organ such as the ear. The inability to hear is called deafness.

In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the auditory system: vibrations are detected by the ear and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the brain (primarily in the temporal lobe). Like touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of

Hearing can be measured by behavioral tests using an audiometer. Electrophysiological tests of hearing can provide accurate measurements of hearing thresholds even in unconscious subjects. Such tests include auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR), otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and electrocochleography (EchoG). Technical advances in these tests have allowed hearing screening for infants to become widespread.

Hearing threshold and the ability to localize sound sources are reduced underwater, in which the speed of sound is faster than in air. Underwater hearing is by bone conduction, and localization of sound appears to depend on differences in amplitude detected by bone conduction.[2]

Not all sounds are normally audible to all animals. Each species has a range of normal hearing for both loudness (amplitude) and pitch (frequency). Many animals use sound to communicate with each other, and hearing in these species is particularly important for survival and reproduction. In species that use sound as a primary means of communication, hearing is typically most acute for the range of pitches produced in calls and speech.

READING

Reading (process) is the human cognitive process of decoding symbols or syntax for the purpose of deriving meaning (reading comprehension) or constructing meaning. (pronounced "reeding").

Reading, Berkshire is a town in England (pronounced /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ "redding") See below for related place-names.

* 1 Activity

* 2 Places

o 2.1 United Kingdom

o 2.2 United States

* 3 People

o 3.1 Titles

* 4 Other

* 5 See also

Reading (derived from "to read") is the process of converting information, usually arranged in syntax, into a usable form. It can refer to:

* Cold reading (theatrical), an audition without rehearsal

* Cold reading, a method of feigning divination applied by confidence tricksters and diviners

* Divination, the attempt to ascertain information by interpretation of omens or an alleged

supernatural agency, may be referred to as a reading

* Hot reading, a method comparable to cold readings except that more active means of

gathering information about the sitter are employed

* Lip reading, the technique of understanding speech by visually interpreting the movements of

the lips, face and tongue with information provided by the context, language, and any residual hearing.

WRITING

Writing, more particularly, refers to two things: writing as a noun, the thing that is written; and writing as a verb, which designates the activity of writing. It refers to the inscription of characters on a medium, thereby forming words, and larger units of language, known as texts. It also refers to the creation of meaning and the information thereby generated. In that regard, linguistics (and related sciences) distinguishes between the written language and the spoken language. The significance of the medium by which meaning and information is conveyed is indicated by the distinction made in the arts and sciences. For example, while public speaking and poetry reading are both types of speech, the former is governed by the rules of rhetoric and the latter by poetics.

Writing is also a distinctly human activity. It has been said that a monkey, randomly typing away on a typewriter (in the days when typewriters replaced the pen or plume as the preferred instrument of writing) could re-create Shakespeare-- but only if it lived long enough (this is known as the infinite monkey theorem). Such writing has been speculatively designated as coincidental. It is also speculated that extraterrestrial beings exist who may possess knowledge of writing. At this point in time, the only confirmed writing in existence is of human origin.[citation needed]

"Write" redirects here. For other uses, see Write (disambiguation).

This article is semi-protected indefinitely in response to an ongoing high risk of vandalism.

Illustration of a scribe writing.

SPEAKING

Dell Hathaway Hymes (born June 7, 1927 in Portland, Oregon) is a sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist whose work has dealt primarily with languages of the Pacific Northwest. He was one of the first to call the fourth subfield of anthropology "linguistic anthropology" instead of "anthropological linguistics." The terminological shift draws attention to the field's grounding in anthropology rather than in what by that time was already become an autonomous discipline (linguistics).

He was educated at Reed College, studying under David H. French, and graduated in 1950 after a stint in pre-war Korea. His work in the Army as a decoder is part of what influenced him to become a linguist. Hymes earned his Ph.D. from Indiana University in 1955,[1] and took a job at Harvard University.

Even at that young age, Hymes had a reputation as a strong linguist; his dissertation, completed in one year, was a grammar of the Kathlamet language spoken near the mouth of the Columbia and known primarily from Franz Boas’s work at the end of the 19th century.

He has been President of the Linguistic Society of America in 1982, the American Anthropological Association in 1983, and the American Folklore Society - the last person to have held all three positions. While at Penn, Hymes was a founder of the journal Language in Society. Hymes later joined the Departments of Anthropology and English at the University of Virginia, where he became the Commonwealth Professor of Anthropology and English, and from which he retired in 2000. He is now emeritus faculty.

VOCABS

"Focal vocabulary" is a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is particularly important to a certain group; those with particular focuses of experience or activity. A lexicon, or vocabulary, is a language's dictionary, its set of names for things, events, and ideas. Some linguists believe that lexicon influences people's perception on things, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. For example, the Nuer of Sudan have an elaborate vocabulary to describe cattle. The Nuer have dozens of names for cattle because of the cattle's particular histories, economies, and environments. This kind of comparison has elicited some linguistic controversy, as with the number of "Eskimo words for snow". English speakers can also elaborate their snow and cattle vocabularies when the need arises.[4][5]

In first grade, an advantaged student (i.e. a literate student) knows about twice as many words as a disadvantaged student. Generally, this gap does not tighten. This translates into a wide range of vocabulary size by age five or six, at which time an English-speaking child will know about 2,500–5,000 words. An average student learns some 3,000 words per year, or approximately eight words per day.[6]

Even if we learn a word, it takes a lot of practice and context connections for us to learn it well. A rough grouping of words we understand when we hear them encompasses our "passive" vocabulary, whereas our "active" vocabulary is made up of words that come to our mind immediately when we have to use them in a sentence, as we speak. In this case, we often have to come up with a word in the timeframe of milliseconds, so one has to know it well, often in combinations with other words in phrases, where it is commonly used.